Electric and Hybrid Vehicles: Battery, Charging & Safety

Battery-electric vehicles use battery packs to store energy and utilizes the electric motor to move the vehicle. These battery packs could last the lifespan of the vehicle, but there are many factors that could affect how long a battery lasts, according to FuelEconomy.gov and predictive modeling by the Department of Energy’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory. 

Most modern electric vehicle battery packs employ some form of lithium-ion chemistries, such as NMC (Nickel Manganese Cobalt) or NCA (Nickel Cobalt Aluminum); these battery chemistries use more costly materials that offer greater driving range. Another lithium-ion chemistry, Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP), uses less costly materials that offer a moderate range with a longer cycle life.

Batteries and Temperature

EV battery packs include interconnected cells, hardware, and software to manage the battery’s operation; this is referred to as the battery management system. Temperature control is important for batteries, as extreme temperatures can affect performance and shorten a battery’s lifespan. Thermal management systems keep the batteries within the pack at an optimal temperature – even in harsher environments – but this can negatively affect your driving range since some of the battery’s energy is used for thermal management instead of motor use.

Battery and Flooding

Batteries in hybrid and electric vehicles are highly corrosive and should not be exposed to standing water. Flooded vehicles lead to high-voltage shock hazards, which could lead to a fire. If your EV has been exposed to flood conditions and you suspect your battery is damaged, contact your dealer and/or emergency services.

Charging

Today, many electric vehicles have a driving range of around 300 miles on a full charge, while some have a driving range upwards of 400 miles on a single charge. When the battery’s charge is low, the EV needs to plug into an electric power source to replenish the battery’s charge – this can occur at home, work, or any other public location along your route. However, not all vehicles and charging stations charge at the same rate. DC fast chargers can replenish your battery’s charge in under an hour, while at-home chargers may take all night to recharge your battery.

Always follow the owner’s manual and the manufacturer’s instructions regarding charging safety protocols, maintenance requirements, and related operations.

Charging Resources

Before driving an EV, it’s important to familiarize yourself with charging stations – their level of charging, plug type, and location. The U.S. Department of Transportation offers more information on electric vehicle charging speeds and plug types. Understanding EV chargers and knowing their locations along your route will help you plan when driving an electric vehicle. The U.S. Department of Energy offers more information on electric vehicle charging station locations.